Spanish orthography is the writing system for the Spanish language Countries where Spanish has official status. States of the U.S. where Spanish has no official status but is spoken by 25% or more of the population. States of the U.S. where Spanish has no official status but is spoken by 10-20% of the population. States of the U.S. where Spanish has no official status but is spoken by 5-9.9% of the population. It is fairly phonemic A phonemic orthography is a writing system where the written graphemes correspond to phonemes, the spoken sounds of the language. In terms of orthographic depth, these are termed shallow orthographies, contrasting with deep orthographies. These are sometimes termed true alphabets, but non-alphabetic writing systems like syllabaries can be phonemic, especially in comparison to other language orthographies using the Latin alphabet The Latin alphabet, also called the Roman alphabet, is the most widely used alphabetic writing system in the world today. It evolved from the western variety of the Greek alphabet called the Cumaean alphabet, which was borrowed and modified by the Etruscans who ruled early Rome, whose alphabet was then adapted and further modified by the ancient, having a consistent mapping of grapheme to phoneme In a language or dialect, a phoneme is the smallest segmental unit of sound employed to form meaningful contrasts between utterances.

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Alphabet

Spanish language Countries where Spanish has official status. States of the U.S. where Spanish has no official status but is spoken by 25% or more of the population. States of the U.S. where Spanish has no official status but is spoken by 10-20% of the population. States of the U.S. where Spanish has no official status but is spoken by 5-9.9% of the population
Don Quixote Don Quixote (Spanish: Don Quijote ; English: /ˌdɒn kiːˈhoʊtiː/, see spelling and pronunciation below), fully titled The Ingenious Hidalgo Don Quixote of La Mancha (Spanish: El ingenioso hidalgo don Quijote de la Mancha), is a novel written by Spanish author Miguel de Cervantes. Cervantes created a fictional origin for the story by inventing, master work in Spanish literature This article refers to the Spanish language literature of Spain. It includes Spanish poetry, prose and novels. For Spanish American literature specifically, see Latin American literature, a circa 1868 painting by Honoré Daumier Honoré Daumier was a French printmaker, caricaturist, painter, and sculptor, whose many works offer commentary on social and political life in France in the 19th century.
Pronunciation This article is about the phonology of the Spanish language. It deals with current phonology and phonetics as well as with historical developments thereof. Unless otherwise noted, statements refer to Castilian Spanish, the standard dialect used on radio and television, in Spain · History · Orthography Varieties · Names for the language
Grammar
Determiners · Nouns · Pronouns Here is a cumulative list of personal pronouns from Peninsular, Latin American and Ladino Spanish. While the pronouns used by Ladino speakers of Spanish are not officially recognized by the Real Academia Española, they are nonetheless still Spanish[dubious – discuss]. Ladino or Judeo-Español, spoken by Sephardic Jews, is different from Latin Adjectives The Spanish language uses adjectives in a similar way to English and most other Indo-European languages. Spanish adjectives usually go after the noun they modify, and they agree with what they refer to in terms of both number and gender (masculine/feminine) · Prepositions · Adverbs Verbs (conjugation · irregular verbs)
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Letters and letter names

The Spanish language Countries where Spanish has official status. States of the U.S. where Spanish has no official status but is spoken by 25% or more of the population. States of the U.S. where Spanish has no official status but is spoken by 10-20% of the population. States of the U.S. where Spanish has no official status but is spoken by 5-9.9% of the population is written using the Spanish alphabet, which is the Latin alphabet The Latin alphabet, also called the Roman alphabet, is the most widely used alphabetic writing system in the world today. It evolved from the western variety of the Greek alphabet called the Cumaean alphabet, which was borrowed and modified by the Etruscans who ruled early Rome, whose alphabet was then adapted and further modified by the ancient with three additional letters: che (‹ch›), elle (‹ll In English, ll represents the same sound as single l: /l/. The doubling is used to indicate that the preceding vowel is short, or for etymological reasons, in latinisms›) and eñe (‹ñ Ñ is a letter of the modern Latin alphabet, formed by an N with a diacritical tilde. It is used in the Spanish alphabet, Galician alphabet, Basque alphabet, Filipino alphabet, Chamorro alphabet and the Guarani alphabet, where it represents a palatal nasal (IPA: [ɲ]). It is also used in the Crimean Tatar language. In English, it is sometimes›). Although the letters ‹k› and ‹w› are part of the alphabet, they appear mostly in loanwords By contrast, a calque or loan translation is a related concept, whereby it is the meaning or idiom that is borrowed rather than the lexical item itself. The word loanword is itself a calque of the German Lehnwort, while calque is a loanword from French such as karate, kilo and walkman.

Spanish Alphabet
Letter A The letter A is the first letter in the Latin alphabet, a vowel. Its name in English ( / B B is the second letter in the Latin alphabet. Its name in English ( / C ‹C› comes from the same letter as ‹g›. The Semites named it gimel. The sign is possibly adapted from an Egyptian hieroglyph for a staff sling, which may have been the meaning of the name gimel. Another possibility is that it depicted a camel, the Semitic name for which was gamal CH D The Semitic letter Dâlet probably developed from the logogram for a fish or a door. There are various Egyptian hieroglyphs that might have inspired this. In Semitic, Ancient Greek, and Latin, the letter represented /d/; in the Etruscan alphabet the letter was superfluous but still retained . The equivalent Greek letter is Delta, ‹Δ›.[ E ‹E› differs little from its derived source, the Greek letter epsilon ‹Ε›. In etymology, the Semitic hê probably first represented a praying or calling human figure , and was probably based on a similar Egyptian hieroglyph that indicated a different pronunciation. In Semitic, the letter represented /h/ (and /e/ in foreign words), in Greek F The origin of ‹f› is the Semitic letter vâv that represented the /v/, and originally probably represented either a hook or a club. It may have been based on a comparable Egyptian hieroglyph, such as that for the word mace: G ‹G› is the seventh letter in the basic modern Latin alphabet. Its name in English ( / H The Semitic letter ‹ח› most likely represented the voiceless pharyngeal fricative (ħ). The form of the letter probably stood for a fence or posts. The early Greek eta ‹Η› represented /h/, but later on it came to represent a long vowel, /ɛː/. In Modern Greek, this phoneme has merged with /i/, similar to the English development where I In Semitic, the letter was probably originally a pictogram for an arm with hand, derived from a similar hieroglyph that represented a voiced pharyngeal fricative in Egyptian, but was reassigned to /j/ (as in English "yes") by Semites, because their word for "arm" began with that sound. This letter could also be used to
Name a be / be larga / b chica ce che de e efe ge / gue hache i
IPA /a/ /b/ /k/, /θ/ /tʃ/ /d/ /e/ /f/ /ɡ/, /x/ silent /i/
Letter J J originated as a swash character to end some Roman numerals in place of i. There was an emerging distinctive use in Middle High German. Gian Giorgio Trissino was the first to explicitly distinguish I and J as representing separate sounds, in his Ɛpistola del Trissino de le lettere nuωvamente aggiunte ne la lingua italiana ("Trissino's K The letter K comes from the Greek letter K , which was taken from the Semitic kap, the symbol for an open hand. This in turn was likely adapted by Semites who had lived in Egypt from the hieroglyph for "hand" representing D in the Egyptian word for hand, d-r-t. The Semites evidently assigned it the sound value /k/ instead, because their L In English, L can have several values, depending on whether it occurs before or after a vowel. The alveolar lateral approximant occurs before a vowel, as in lip or please, while the velarized alveolar lateral approximant (IPA [ɫ]) occurs in bell and milk (see Dark L). This velarization does not occur in many European languages that use L; it is LL In English, ll represents the same sound as single l: /l/. The doubling is used to indicate that the preceding vowel is short, or for etymological reasons, in latinisms M M is the thirteenth letter of the basic modern Latin alphabet. Its name in English ( / N One of the most common snake hieroglyph was used in Egyptian writing to stand for a sound like English "J", because the Egyptian word for "snake" was djet. It is speculated that Semitic people working in Egypt adapted hieroglyphics to create the first alphabet, and that they used the same snake symbol to represent N, because Ñ Ñ is a letter of the modern Latin alphabet, formed by an N with a diacritical tilde. It is used in the Spanish alphabet, Galician alphabet, Basque alphabet, Filipino alphabet, Chamorro alphabet and the Guarani alphabet, where it represents a palatal nasal (IPA: [ɲ]). It is also used in the Crimean Tatar language. In English, it is sometimes O The letter was derived from the Semitic `Ayin , which represented a consonant, probably the voiced pharyngeal fricative (IPA: [ʕ]), the sound represented by the Arabic letter ع called `Ayn. This Semitic letter in its original form seems to have been inspired by a similar Egyptian hieroglyph for "eye". The Greeks are thought to have P The Semitic Pê , as well as the Greek Π or π (Pi), and the Etruscan and Latin letters that developed from the former alphabet, all symbolized /p/, a voiceless bilabial plosive Q The Semitic sound value of Qôp was /q/ (voiceless uvular plosive), a sound common to Semitic languages, but not found in English or most Indo-European ones. In Greek, this sign as Qoppa Ϙ probably came to represent several labialized velar plosives, among them /kʷ/ and /kʷʰ/. As a result of later sound shifts, these sounds in Greek changed to
Name jota ka ele elle eme ene eñe o pe cu
IPA /x/ /k/ /l/ /ʎ/ /m/ /n/ /ɲ/ /o/ /p/ /k/
Letter R The original semitic letter was probably inspired an Egyptian hieroglyph for "head", pronounced t-p in Egyptian, but it was used for /r/ by Semites because in their language, the word for "head" was Rêš . It developed into Greek Ρ ῥῶ (Rhô) and Latin R. It is likely that some Etruscan and Western Greek forms of the S Semitic Šîn represented a voiceless postalveolar fricative /ʃ/ (as in ship). Greek did not have this sound, so the Greek sigma (Σ) came to represent /s/. In Etruscan and Latin, the /s/ value was maintained, and only in modern languages has the letter been used to represent other sounds T Taw was the last letter of the Western Semitic and Hebrew alphabets, and probably represented a cross. The sound value of Semitic Taw, Greek alphabet Tαυ , Old Italic and Latin T has remained fairly constant, representing [t] in each of these; and it has also kept its original basic shape in all of these alphabets U The letter U ultimately comes from the Semitic letter Waw by way of the letter Y. See the letter Y for details V V is the twenty-second letter in the basic modern Latin alphabet. Its name in English ( / W X Apart from being a part of the Latin alphabet, X has been used as a name sake for a Generation of Humans. Generation X commonly abbreviated to Gen X, is the Generation born after the Baby Boom ended, ranging from 1961 to 1981. "X" the letter is a Roman numeral representing 10. In mathematics it is commonly used as the name for an Y The ancestor of Y was the Semitic letter waw, from which also come F, U, V, and W. See F for details Z The name of the Semitic symbol was zayin, possibly meaning "weapon", and was the seventh letter. It represented either z as in English and French, or possibly more like /dz/
Name erre / doble erre ese te u uve / ve corta / ve chica / ve uve doble / doble u / doble ve equis i griega / ye zeta
IPA /r/ /s/ /t/ /u/ /b/ /gw/ /x/, /ks/ /ʝ/, /i/ /θ/

For details on Spanish pronunciation, see Spanish phonology This article is about the phonology of the Spanish language. It deals with current phonology and phonetics as well as with historical developments thereof. Unless otherwise noted, statements refer to Castilian Spanish, the standard dialect used on radio and television, in Spain and Wikipedia:IPA for Spanish.

For vowels, the acute accent The acute accent is a diacritical mark used in many modern written languages with alphabets based on the Latin, Cyrillic, and Greek scripts and diaeresis marks are used (‹á, é, í, ó, ú› and ‹ü›), but they are considered variants of the plain vowel letters, but ‹ñ› is considered a separate letter from ‹n›, so it appears in dictionaries after ‹n›. Therefore, for example, in a Spanish dictionary piñata comes after pinza.

There are three digraphs: ‹ch› (che), ‹ll In English, ll represents the same sound as single l: /l/. The doubling is used to indicate that the preceding vowel is short, or for etymological reasons, in latinisms› (elle / doble ele) and ‹rr› (doble erre).[1] Although che and elle are considered separate letters, the tenth congress of the Association of Spanish Language Academies agreed to alphabetize Collation is the assembly of written information into a standard order. One common type of collation is called alphabetisation, though collation is not limited to ordering letters of the alphabet. Collating lists of words or names into alphabetical order is the basis of most office filing systems, library catalogs and reference books ‹ch› and ‹ll› as ordinary pairs of letters in the dictionary by request of UNESCO The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization is a specialized agency of the United Nations established on 16 November 1945. Its stated purpose is to contribute to peace and security by promoting international collaboration through education, science, and culture in order to further universal respect for justice, the rule of and other international organizations. Thus, for example ‹ch› now comes between ‹ce› and ‹ci›, instead of being alphabetized between ‹c› and ‹d› as was formerly done.[2]

Being regarded as separate letters do not affect capitalization; the word chillón in a text written in all caps is ‹CHILLÓN›, not *‹ChILLÓN›, and if it is the first word of a sentence, it is written ‹Chillón›, not *‹CHillón›. Sometimes one finds lifts An elevator is a vertical transport equipment that efficiently moves people or goods between floors (levels, decks) of a building, vessel or other structure. Elevators are generally powered by electric motors that either drive traction cables and counterweight systems like a hoist, or pump hydraulic fluid to raise a cylindrical piston like a jack with buttons marked *LLamar, but this double capitalization has always been incorrect according to RAE The Royal Spanish Academy is the official royal institution responsible for regulating the Spanish language. It is based in Madrid, Spain, but is affiliated with national language academies in twenty-one other hispanophone (i.e., Spanish-speaking) nations through the Association of Spanish Language Academies. The RAE's emblem is a fiery crucible, rules.

According to the letter frequency the order beginning from most common is ‹E A O S R N I D L C T U M P B G V Y Q H F Z J Ñ X W K› [3] the vowels take around the 45% of the text.

Alternative names

Pronunciation of ‹c› and ‹z›

Further information: Spanish dialects and varieties

While ‹c› (before front vowels ‹e i›) and ‹z› represent a voiceless dental fricative (like the ‹th› in English thin) in Standard Spanish, not all dialects have this sound. In parts of Andalusia, the Canary Islands, and most American dialects, they represent /s/, just as ‹s› does, so that casa and caza are pronounced the same. See Ceceo for a detailed discussion.

Orthography

Spanish orthography is such that every speaker can figure out the pronunciation of a word from its written form. These rules are similar to, but not the same as, those of other peninsular languages, such as Portuguese, Catalan and Galician.

A number of the writing system's rules lead to potential homophony. These include the silent ‹h›, the lack of distinction between ‹b› and ‹v›, or ‹c› and ‹z› before ‹e i›, as well as some dialectal mergers such as that between ‹y› and ‹ll›, and between ‹c z› and ‹s›. In this way, a number of spellings could represent the same pronunciation. Nevertheless, the orthography is far more transparent than, for example, English orthography.

Special and modified letters

The vowels can be marked with an acute accent (‹á, é, í, ó, ú›) for two purposes: to mark stress if it does not follow the normal pattern, or to differentiate otherwise equally spelled words (this is the true diacritic usage).

A silent ‹u› is used between ‹g› and ‹e i› to indicate a hard ‹g› pronunciation, so that ‹gue› represents /ɡe/ and ‹gui› represents /ɡi/. ‹ü› (‹u› with diaeresis,) is used in this context to indicate that the ‹u› is not silent. The diaeresis may occur also in Spanish poetry, occasionally, over the first vowel of a diphthong, to indicate an irregular disyllabic pronunciation required by the meter (viüda, to be pronounced as three syllables). This is analogous to the use of ‹ï› in naïve in English.

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